ABSTRACT
In recent years, TNCs have been conducting higher-order R&D activities in developing countries. Although, in the past, there were cases of TNCs conducting R&D in developing countries, such R&D was mainly related to adaptation of products and processes to the local conditions and at most product development for local markets. It is only since the mid-1980s that TNCs have started carrying out higher-order R&D, such as developing products for regional/global markets or mission-oriented basic research for long-term corporate use, in developing countries.1 It has been mainly only the TNCs dealing with new technologies that have been performing higher-order R&D in developing countries.
