ABSTRACT
Grineski (1993) suggests that physical education lessons should be led by instructional goal structures. He classifies these as competitive, individual and cooperative. Where goals are competitive, pupils work in opposition to achieve a goal that can only possibly be achieved by a few. Team matches, elimination games and knock-out tournaments would be examples of how this goal may be interpreted. Individual goals allow pupils to work alone to reach their goals. Examples of activities that could emphasise individual goals might be gymnastics, HRE and swimming. Cooperative instructional goals allow pupils to work together to try to achieve common goals. Grineski reports that there are ‘higher levels of achievement, more favorable attitudes toward school, and higher levels of positive social interaction when learning was cooperatively structured rather than individualistically and competitively structured’ (1993: 33).
