ABSTRACT
Academic research now increasingly intersects with industrial progress and government economic development policy. The growth of industrial “conurbations” around universities, supported by government research funding, has become the hallmark of the new development model, exemplified by Silicon Valley; the profile of knowledge-based economic development was further raised by the founding of Genentech and other biotechnology companies based on academic research in the 1980s. The triple helix thesis is expressed in seven propositions:
1. Arrangements and networks among the Triple Helix institutional spheres provide the source of innovation rather than any single driver New initiatives arising from these networks become the source of innovation policies at national, subnational, and supra-national levels. Government thus becomes a partner in the policy-making process as policies become an outcome of the interactions among the triple helix agencies.
