This chapter is a study of Khiyabani’s revolt against the background of the Constitutional Revolution, and within the context of the political rift and chaos that existed at the time in Iran. Its general theoretical framework is the theory of arbitrary rule, with its central concept of the cycle of arbitrary rulechaos-arbitrary rule that explains the major dynamics of Iranian history. The chapter is the first comprehensive study of its subject, and uses important new sources for both a description and analysis of the causes and implications of the revolt and of Khiyabani’s central role as its charismatic leader. It shows that – contrary to the established views – the revolt had not been intended mainly, let alone solely, as a reaction to the 1919 agreement, was not pro-Bolshevik and was not separatist. Its primary aim was to obtain a form of home rule, led by Khiyabani himself, to impose order and discipline in Azerbaijan, and bring about modernisation along European lines.