ABSTRACT
In this chapter I wish to examine aspects of the Indies reform movement with reference to the Association mode of Agoes Salim, the domestic Hadrami movement, and the events occurring in the Middle East. I shall concentrate on the Ḥajj as a mirror of Kaum Muda aspirations and then the ideology of the caliphate as propounded by Rashīd Riḍā and shattered by Atatürk. Both Ḥajj and Caliphate, I shall suggest, helped shape the way Indies Muslims assessed their ‘national’ place in a steadily internationalizing Muslim world.
