ABSTRACT
The management of errors is indispensable for nding the true geometric range ρ from either a pseudorange, or carrier phase observation.
p d c dt dT d dion trop m p p= + + −( ) + + + +ρ ε ερ (pseudorange)
φ ρ λ ε ερ φφ= + + − + − + + +d c dt dT N d dion trop m( ) (carrier phase)
Both equations include environmental and physical limitations called range biases.
The Biases
