ABSTRACT
Nġṅ-dro [also Gnen-dró] is the name given by the Thibettans to the state of animals, the state of Itâa and the state of Hell, which are states of evil, of damnation and pain; or Tu-ngnelki Kieà [Dug-nyelki-kie-wa]—that is, births of suffering. All three are believed to be punishments for sins committed in other and antecedent lives. As being born an animal is a punishment for former sins, the Thibettans believe that animals have a spiritual, reasoning soul, and are capable of doing good or evil deeds, according to their former lives, and can therefore attain eternal felicity. This however is impossible while they are in the shape of brute beasts.
