The passive user is consistent, predictable and transforms neither use, space nor

meaning, whether performing useful tasks according to functionalist principles, follow-

ing a sequence of spaces directed by the architect, or contemplating a building as an

artwork. The reactive user modifies the physical characteristics of a space as needs

change, but must choose from a narrow and predictable range of configurations

largely defined by the architect. The passive and reactive users are dependent upon

existing conditions, which they are unable to fundamentally transform. With a role as

important in the formulation of architecture as that of the architect, the creative user

either creates a new space or gives an existing one meanings and uses contrary to

established behaviour. I identify five types of user creativity, which can be accidental

or intentional, and occur singly or in combination: mental, a change in understanding,

such as renaming a space or associating it with a particular memory; bodily, a move-

ment or series of movements, independent of or in juxtaposition to a space, such as

a picnic in a bathroom; physical, a rearrangement of a space or the objects within it,

such as locking a door; constructional, a fabrication of a new space or a physical

modification of an existing form, space or object, such as removing the lock from a

door; conceptual, a use, form, space or object intended to be constructed, such as a

door. Creative use can either be a reaction to habit, result from the knowledge

acquired through habit, or be based on habit, as a conscious, evolving, deviation

from familiar behaviour.