ABSTRACT
That outstanding figure in the history of linguistics, Roman Jakobson, postulated that there were in effect three kinds of translation (1971). First, intralingual translation or rewording within the same language; in short, paraphrase. Second, interlingual translation or rendering via another language; this is the most common use of the word. Third, intersemiotic translation, that is, the verbal signs are recoded into nonverbal sign systems; nonverbal highway signs are a ready and clear example of this category. The fact is, however, Jakobson's attempt at all-embracing categories does not take into account Freud's enormous contribution to the critique of translation. Moreover, its central importance in Freud's writings has been unfortunately neglected in subsequent psychoanalytical commentary.
