ABSTRACT
Khiva’s internal life was even less affected by the Russian protectorate than was Bukhara’s. No railroad ran through Khiva; there were no Russian enclaves, civil or military, no Russian extraterritorial courts, and no Russian customs and frontier posts. Although an unofficial colony of Russian merchants developed at Urgench in the 1890’s, the total number of Russians in the khanate remained small —3,951 by the census of 1897, and 6,150 in 1912-and was concentrated in Urgench.1 Urgench had a number of modern commercial and industrial enterprises, a telegraph office, and a branch of the Russian treasury, but no Russian schools, churches, hospitals, or hotels, and no separate administration.2 The schools, hospitals, and legal institutions of the Amu-Darya Otdel served also the Russian residents of Khiva.
