ABSTRACT
Though there have always been assassinations and kidnaps throughout history one of the earliest urban campaigns was that by Irgun Zvai Leumi (IZL) i Palestine in the 1940s. The term ‘urban guerrilla’ was not coined unti 1967, after the failure of Che Guevara and his rural guerrill Foco Theory in Bolivia, whereafter Latin America revolutionaries decided that, in place of the unresponsive peasants, the must redirect their efforts at the intellectuals and urban proletariat i the cities. This philosophy was expounded in Brazil in 1969 by Carlo Marighela in a series of tracts which became known as ‘The Minimanual of th Urban Guerrilla’.
