ABSTRACT
Peace treaties were concluded with the defeated powers in 1919 and 1920: Versailles with Germany; St Germain with Austria, Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; Trianon with Hungary and Sèvres with the Ottoman empire. From these treaties emerged the new states of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia; Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia appeared from other agreements. Serbia and Montenegro were merged into the new Yugoslavia, Romania was greatly enlarged, and Bulgaria shorn of most but not all of its acquisitions since 1912. A number of territorial issues could not be settled immediately; in some cases resort was made to plebiscites, in others international or ambassadorial conferences settled the day, as when the disputed Italo-Yugoslav border was delimited at Rapallo in 1920, or when the ambassadors of the great powers pronounced their judgement of Solomon on Teschen, an area disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia. In some regions, particularly after the mass armies had been demobilised, the allies had no leverage and the final solution was left to the arbitration of arms.
