ABSTRACT
Church discipline and a unified ecclesiastical government were essential to the power of the clergy. These ends were secured during the eleventh century, as part and parcel of a moral reformation of the clergy. In Germany the clergy objected, and on this ground as well as others were inclined to side with the Emperor. The Pope must be supreme in morals, and must therefore have the right to depose the Emperor if the Emperor was immoral. Henry's German enemies elected a rival Emperor, named Rudolf. The Pope, at first, while maintaining that it was for him to decide between Henry and Rudolf, refused to come to a decision. Henry III then chose a relation of his own, Bruno of Toul, who became Leo IX. He was an earnest reformer, who travelled much and held many councils; he wished to fight the Normans in Southern Italy, but in this he was unsuccessful.
