ABSTRACT
The physical and chemical causes of concrete deterioration are classified in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2, respectively.1 From the case histories of the performance of concrete in seawater, as described in the previous chapter, it is clear that many of the physical and chemical causes of concrete deterioration are present in the marine environment. This is diagrammatically illustrated by Fig. 5.3, from which it can be concluded that concrete structures in the ocean environment are exposed to one of the most hostile natural environments in the world.
