ABSTRACT
Recognition of the defects of classicism outlined in chapter 2 led in the nineteenth century to a quite different interpretation of probabilities, as frequencies. This, in the coin-tossing case, takes the probability of tosses landing heads to measure not the possibility of that outcome on one toss but how often it occurs on many tosses. On this view the probability of heads is not the fraction of possible trajectories on which the toss lands heads but the so-called relative frequency of heads, i.e. the fraction of tosses that do land heads.
