ABSTRACT
The countries examined here have long and diverse educational histories. France provides an example of remarkable continuity in education, which mirrored the fortunes of the Catholic Church and its various orders until the late eighteenth century. In the two Protestant countries, England and Denmark, 1 the Reformation represented a single, crucial, and early break in educational history, which was followed by a long period in which new continuities developed. On the other hand, Russia is distinctive in that the history of formal education only dates back to about the beginning of the sixteenth century. 2
