ABSTRACT
The psychology of the 20th century was a direct outgrowth of the trends considered in Part I and Part II. Several of these coalesced during the first decades of the 20th century into cohesive schools, but by the middle of the century most of the schools had lost their function as foci for research and for theoretical controversy. By the time the age of schools had come to an end, there had developed a general acceptance of the empirical method, which was extended to nearly all corners of psychology’s subject matter and which had an increasingly quantitative orientation. Psychology also left the university to enter the field of public affairs, and psychologists engaged in large numbers in clinical practice and other human-service work. By the end of the century, though, economic troubles began to beset both academic psychology and the practice of psychology in applied settings.
