ABSTRACT
This is an abbreviated version of the chapter I wrote in the book Towards a Science of Teaching, edited by Gabriel Chanan in 1973. It seems very quantitative to me now, describing research based on the observation of nearly 600 lessons given by over 100 secondary student teachers, but there was little on this scale at that time. Indeed, British classroom researchers worked largely in isolation during the 1970s. Later on, a few sizeable projects of this kind emerged, like the ORACLE study at Leicester University.
