ABSTRACT
Chapter 3 analyzes Turkish state policies on citizens living outside of Turkey’s territories in the period that precedes 2003. The chapter distinguishes the pre-2003 period under two distinct modalities of governing citizens living outside of state borders: the management of emigrants from the perspective of territoriality, covering the pre-1960 and 1960–1980 periods, and the transition towards extraterritorial governance of citizenship and management of emigration policies in the period that followed the 1980 coup. The chapter examines Turkish state policies in the pre-2000 period by focusing on (1) the symbolic practices of identifying emigrants, (2) the configuration of institutional ties between the state and emigrants, and (3) how the citizenship is defined in the transnational sphere.
