ABSTRACT
Chapter 4 examines how the Turkish state’s policies in the pre-2000 period have been implemented in practice in France and the United States and how they have reflected on the interactions between the state policies and emigrant politics. The analysis of the movements and associations in France and the United States, as well as their relations with the Turkish state in the pre-2000 period, illustrates crucial distinctions in their nature. The evidence shows, first, that the migration motivations and the socioeconomic backgrounds of the emigrants in France and the United States differed, altering their post-migratory conditions as well. Second, although the Turkish diplomatic mission in France and the United States used the strategy of supporting certain grassroots movements both financially and in terms of capacity building in the 1980s and 1990s, their reflections in practice have taken place quite differently.
