ABSTRACT
Education as a sector is generally considered to be conservative. The conservative environment in which schools are operating can stifle innovation. Change and innovation has been a consistent theme in education. There are examples of innovation in education that demonstrate university faculty and K-12 teachers implementing new models of teaching and learning, often facilitated using innovative technology. Virtual worlds are one example, as are flipped classrooms, makerspaces, coding, and digital-technology games. Introducing the technologies often results in a shift towards pedagogical approaches, which brings with it a potential set of barriers as the faculty and teachers attempt to fit new ways of learning into an old structure. In her early work, P. A. Ertmer generalized barriers to technology use into two main areas: first-order barriers and second-order barriers. The first-order barriers were those that are external to the person and the second-order barriers were internal and more able to be resolved or controlled by the individual.
