ABSTRACT
3At the end of the nineteenth century, the challenges facing the field of architecture were so deep that by the first decade of the next century, a new paradigm had emerged. Although the rise of modern architecture is often attributed to the invention and fascination for new building materials, new structural techniques, and new methods of construction associated with the early machine age, it was actually the changes in human activity brought on by industrialization that necessitated those inventions. Many of the buildings in which modern architecture was first expressed—such as large factories and warehouses, train stations and tall office buildings—did not even exist prior to the Industrial Revolution. Likewise, a host of social, economic, and environmental problems gave rise to the profession’s need to create a better world for the mass of people crowded into the industrial city.
