ABSTRACT
Manners combine with voice and place to create individual speech sounds. This chapter introduces double articulations, and primary and secondary articulations, completing the range of terms needed to construct Voice-Place-Manner (VPM) labels. It discusses the ways of representing sounds, and instrumental-imaging of speech sounds. 'Nasal' is a manner of articulation, describing all speech sounds with exclusively nasal airflow. Nasalization is a phonetic effect – the function of an oral sound occurring next to a nasal sound and the velum opening or closing a little slowly, the gesture overlapping with the adjacent sound. One manner of articulation that requires the formation of complete closure somewhere in the oral cavity is the plosive sound type. A plosive is considered an oral stop while the nasal just described would be called a nasal stop. The plosive manner of articulation introduces one of the two remaining sound sources used in speech production. There are: shock and turbulence.
