ABSTRACT
This chapter looks at the work of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, two early adherents to psychoanalysis, who developed and extended the concepts of the unconscious and conscious respectively. It also considers the theories and applications of two ego psychologists: first, Sigmund Freud's own daughter Anna Freud and, second, Erik Erikson. Anna Freud also pioneered child analysis and investigation into how the child's ego overcomes and masters problems set by life. Freud regarded the ego as dependent on the id for its energy; hence the development of ego psychology represented a break from Freudian principles. Erikson's theory of ego development through the eight psychosocial stages is, perhaps, one of the most widely referred to theories outside Freudian theory. Erikson emphasised the importance of culture and society, as well as our interaction with other people as important determinants of ego development throughout our life.
