ABSTRACT
Learning studies relevant to the work of Piaget were first undertaken under the guidance of Piaget himself in the Centre d'Epistemologie Genetique in Geneva. The Genevan learning studies were, of course, undertaken against the background of Piaget's opinions concerning the role of learning in cognitive development. The experiences offered to the child in the Genevan learning experiments, the set-up of the experiments, and choice of learning materials and learning methods was governed by contrasting a passive "empiricism" with Piaget's own conception. According to Albert Morf inclusion reasoning is based on inclusion operations. The formation of an operational structure such as the inclusion of classes cannot be explained by an accumulation of observations relative to particular, concrete situations. In concrete situations this formation is only possible proceeding from the child's pre-operational schemas of classification, which permit interpretation of these situations in terms of logical classes.
