ABSTRACT
Initial filial responses make their appearance very early in the life of animals, often before any significant learning could have taken place. Although undoubtedly invaluable for the preservation of the species, these responses are not directly related to the survival of the body, that is, to the physiological requirements of food, water, or oxygen, or even the avoidance of noxious stimuli. Nevertheless the approach and following tendency, or drive, is innate and primary. It is perhaps in the same class as the tendencies to explore and manipulate the environment, which are now considered by many students of animal behaviour to be primary rather than acquired or derived from homeostatic, physiological drives (see, for example, Harlow, 1953a, b; Butler, 1953, 1954; Miles, 1958; see also Section IV in Chapter 7).
