ABSTRACT
This chapter explores what the governed in the Western world since the twelfth century have gained and lost in the relationship with those who govern. It examines how the citizen was incorporated in the body politic of his/her time. The relationship between citizen and government changed significantly, first in thought then in practice. The chapter offers the wider perspective for understanding the citizens' role and position. It discusses the development of the notion of sovereignty against the background of state-making and nation-building. The chapter discusses the development of citizen participation and representation from the High Middle Ages up to Thomas Hobbes. It covers the era from John Locke to John Stuart Mill. The chapter takes from political theory: the ideas existing at a given time concerning citizen involvement. It presents a theory on the development of citizenship that is helpful in acquiring a nuanced perspective on perception and reality of dwindling participation and citizenship.
