ABSTRACT
The idea of a primitive agrarian communism at the beginning of all economic evolution was first suggested by investigations into the ancient German economic organization, especially by Hanssen and von Maurer. Analogies from other lands to the ancient German rural organization led finally to the theory of an agrarian communism as the uniform beginning of all economic development, the theory developed especially by E. de Laveleye. In the beginning of the German agricultural system, as long as there was unclaimed land available, an individual could clear land and fence it. The economic system included two methods of rice culture, the dry culture (tegal) which was relatively unproductive, and wet culture (sawah) under which the field was surrounded with dykes and sub-divided within to control the running off of the water collected for the purpose. In primitive agricultural life, the so-called hoe-culture predominates.
