ABSTRACT
italy was not made in 1848. The year of romantic revolutions and heroic barricades, of rhetoric and high hopes, was also—not just in the marshy districts of Lombardy but throughout Europe—the year of great mistakes and improvisations, of ineptitude and defeats. The surviving liberals, patriots, democrats, revolutionaries and socialists crept back into their hiding places, returned to exile and to obscure provincial life and reconsidered their ideas, trying, in heated arguments and endless discussions, to see where they had gone wrong. Why had "the others" won?
