ABSTRACT
EUROPEaftertheFranco-PrussianWarandtheParisCommune enteredanewageofsocialandpoliticalconservatism.Butitwasprofoundlydifferentfromtheroyalrestorationatthebeginningofthecentury.Anewindustrialorderhadcreatedanewinterdependencethrough therailroad,thesteamboat,andthetelegraph.Individualcountries hadtransformednationalismandrepublicanismfromrevolutionary slogansintoformsofsocialdiscipline.Thenewnationalstatepossessedthemilitaryandpolicepowertosuppressrevolutionaries;and thestatewasgainingtheproductivepowersandpoliticalskillstoprovideconsolingsocialbenefitstothemasses.
