ABSTRACT
The idea of planning as a profession—indeed, the very idea of a profession— is a modern idea. Modernism arose out of the intellectual ferment and political upheaval of the eighteenth century at the time of intellectual, social and cultural change now known as the Enlightenment. 1 What is sometimes called the “enlightenment project” has a variety of aspects, including emphases on science, liberalism, and rationality—elements that are often in conflict. 2
