ABSTRACT
In 1900 Russia was ruled by the last of the Russian czars, Nicholas II. Nicholas' anti-Semitism was shared by his officials. The "government consciously, deliberately, knowingly, and overtly supported anti-Semitic activity." In some cases officials were directly involved; in some cases incendiary anti-Jewish propaganda was published on government printing presses; in some cases the police just stood by while Jews and their property were attacked. In many cases the murderers of Jews and responsible officials went unpunished. Other kinds of killing and massacres also occurred, such as the shooting down of 200 demonstrating workers in the Lena goldfield. In Armenia in 1903, the governor general of the Caucasus, Prince Golitsyn, tried to nationalize all Armenian Church property. Less clear was the killing by Armenian volunteers wearing Russian uniforms but serving as irregulars with the Russian army. In Armenia in 1903, the governor general of the Caucasus, Prince Golitsyn, tried to nationalize all Armenian Church property.
