ABSTRACT
Nikolai Hartmann excluded in his philosophy the question of the connection between inorganic and soul and spirit, the development from a lower to a higher system. Individual life starts with the cell and its inner system, the nucleus and the outer system, the cytoplasm. The possibilities hidden in the diploid cell structure become manifest in the evolution of multicellular plants and animals. The differentiation between inner and outer systems and self-pole and opposite pole form the basis for the differentiation in plants and animals. The animal part appears only in the derivatives of the mesoderm and nervous system, respectively, as the active and passive poles of a new inner system. Adapted to this new inner system is also a new outer system — such as in the worm — composed of chitine formation, a protection against environmental damage, and as a base for the adhesion of muscles for locomotion.
