ABSTRACT
Globalization is neither recent nor new. The year 1492 marks the date when the separate hemispheres were linked permanently to form a unitary globe. This was the first wave of globalization. The movement of ideas, people, capital, goods, and viruses all were part of the Columbian exchange that stitched the separate hemispheres into a single unit. Colonial powers deepened the connections, bringing new language and customs while taking away precious goods and wealth. This world was an unequal one with global participation always limited, partial, and unbalanced. In the late nineteenth century another wave of globalization widened and deepened the global connections. New regulatory modes were added as major powers sought to expand their reach and negotiate with their rivals. The second wave of globalization, the imperial/colonial age from 1880 to 1918 saw the partition of Africa, the creation of international organizations and institutions, the final wresting of the American West from indigenous peoples, and the creation of colonial economies and industrialized nations.
