ABSTRACT
In his 1984 research on gender relations in agricultural peasant communities, Behrooz Morvaridi interviewed a religious authority, who reflected the kind of traditional religious views that oppress women:
A woman will never go to hell if she obeys the four principles of the Holy Koran. First, a woman must not go out without her husband’s permission. Second, she must not give things away without her husband’s permission. Third, she must pray and fast in Ramadan. Finally, she must not listen to the voice of strangers except for immediate relatives. 1
