ABSTRACT
When I began my research in 1988, gestational surrogacy was a relatively uncommon practice. The cost of procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) , zygote interfallopian transfer (ZIIT), and gamete interfallopian transfer (GIFT) was high, and their relatively low success rates made them
However, prior to the introduction of IVF, ZIIT, and GIFT, which have increasingly begun to routinize and naturalize the removal and fertilization of gametes (in this case, ova), surrogates were required to contribute their own ova toward the creation of the child. Before the advent of gestational surrogacy, surrogate motherhood was utilized primarily by Euro-American couples who were most often matched with Euro-American surrogates.
