ABSTRACT
Although bioregions are generally dominated by biopharmaceuticals DBFs and specialised research institutions, they often contain firms in other segments of biotechnology too, as we saw in Cambridge, UK. However it is less usual for such complexes to be dominated by non-biopharmaceuticals activity. Four of these are profiled in the following, one predominately containing environmental DBFs and related institutions, and three comprising substantial agro-food specialisation, with one also concentrating upon agro-food, biosynthesis, vitamins, and chemicals. The environmental one is Rhineland in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany; then three biofuels regions are profiled in Brazil, Sweden and the UK, followed by five agro-food bioregions in Canada (Saskatoon), Finland (Helsinki and Turku), Sweden (Skåne) and the Netherlands (Wageningen-Nijmegen). In all cases, as with biopharmaceuticals, there is geographical proximity and institutional embedding of the relational variety in the structure of these bio-platforms.
