ABSTRACT
Although many case studies involve data that must be transcribed, not all do. For example, studies of L2 writing development, Internet chat discourse, L2 diaries, or a country’s language policies may not incorporate primarily oral data into the analysis. However, a great deal of applied linguistics research does involve the analysis of either oral raw data (e.g., speech samples or classroom interactions) or oral reflections on experiences (e.g., think-aloud protocols, introspective studies or stimulated recall, or interviews). Most of this interview and observation data is, in turn, transcribed, although not necessarily to the same degree of sophistication or detail across all studies.
