It is all too easy to focus on the implications for research and researchers while overlooking messages for users, their institutions and, where relevant, their professions. In Chapter 1, we provided the definition of ‘user’ that we have adopted through the rest of the book. We acknowledged the use of broad categories such as ‘policymakers’, within which there is a range of users such as politicians, senior officials, funders and within-government researchers, each having very different interests. Hence, it is important to emphasize the heterogeneity within each category of user. In this chapter, some implications for all these groups are considered.