ABSTRACT
This chapter is the first of three chapters that comprise Part II of this book, which focuses on the central issue of human motivation. It will briefly trace the evolution of Freud’s dual instinct theory, and his conceptualizations of affect, with an emphasis on significant unresolved issues. It will then provide a critical review of a variety of psychoanalytic motivational formulations that seek to amend Freud’s theory and their efforts to incorporate affects. It will also discuss recent findings from the neural sciences that assign a central motivational role to affects and a far more limited role to drives. This review will conclude with a summary of both the remaining important theoretical issues that any theory of motivation must be able to address, as well as the criteria that such a theory must meet.
