ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION In a book hailed at the time as a landmark publication, Douglas McGregor (1957/1976) proposed two approaches to working in organizations: Th eory X and Th eory Y. In Th eory X, directing employees was the task of management who based their authoritative behavior on a set of beliefs about employees. Principles for Th eory X included the following:
1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprisemoney, materials, equipment, people-in the interest of economic ends.
