ABSTRACT
First, actions which challenge the legality of an act adopted by EU institutions, bodies, offices or agencies either by doing this directly under Article 263 TFEU or indirectly under Article 277 TFEU. The latter allows applicants (in support of an action challenging implementing measures addressed to them) to plead the illegality of the general measure upon which the implementing measures are based;
Second, actions which seek to compel an EU institution, body, office or agency to adopt a measure, or to take a decision defining its position in circumstances where it has a legal duty to take a particular action. Such a decision may then be challenged under Article 263 TFEU;
Third, actions seeking compensation for damage caused by EU institutions, bodies, offices or agencies or their servants under Article 340(2). However, if the ECB is found liable, bearing in mind that it is an independent EU institution financed by contributions from
own resources.
