ABSTRACT
In Chapter 1 we highlighted three main orientations in the teaching of L2 listening over the last five decades. These are text-oriented listening instruction, communication-oriented listening instruction, and, most recently, learner-oriented listening instruction. We noted that there is indeed much to be gained from adopting a learner-oriented approach to listening instruction. At present, it is mainly focused on strategy instruction in the classroom and learners having opportunities to use strategies outside the classroom.
