ABSTRACT
The Hindu belief system has persisted over millennia, and this continuity is due to the enduring existence of three basic concepts. They are dharma, karma, and samskaras. The concept of dharma holds a central place in the Hindu ethos. There are two notions of dharma: Sanatana Dharma (universal and eternal dharma) which is applicable to all, and Swadharma (one’s particular dharma). According to O’Flaherty, ‘Absolute dharma demands that all of us behave properly in several certain general ways, in addition to the particular requirements of social class and stage of life.’1 Theoretically, there should be no contradiction between the two. O’Flaherty, however, points out the inherent contradiction between the two. She comments, ‘The problem raised by the conflict between swadharma and eternal dharma was inherent in the very condition of existence, for it is a conflict between the real and ideal.’2 An average Hindu does not experience this conflict. He strives to adhere to his swadharma as much as possible and keeps sabatana dharma as an ideal. This is accomplished by emphasizing proper behavior in any given context. This flexibility allows one to bow down before a family deity in home worship, make obeisance to the village god on one’s way to work, visit the temple every day, or perform elaborate rituals. The understanding of religion and dharma may vary widely among all these individuals, but the conviction that one is adhering to the code unifies all who follow the faith. As Marriott has pointed out: ‘Each person is a unique composite of having a personal code for conduct whose observance in appropriate conjunctions will bring him to the particular kind of perfection.’3
