ABSTRACT
Rittel recognized planning failures of two types: fi rst, a plan, when implemented, yields the desired situation, but is accompanied by undesirable side and aftereffects, and second, a plan, when implemented fails to bring about the desired situation. An example of the former is the use of DDT (Dichloro-DiphenylTrichloroethane), which (nearly) wiped out malaria (the desired outcome), while causing considerable environmental damage; an example of the latter is the “war on drugs” which, thus far, has failed to reduce drug traffi c and use.2
