ABSTRACT
In traditional notions of political development and democratic change, the acquisition of civil, political, and social rights is a linear, cumulative process, as citizenship rights are awarded to members of society by virtue of their location in a particular territory. Th is conceptualization of citizenship is contested, with citizenship now viewed as a social process “through which individuals and social groups engage in claiming, expanding, or losing rights” (Isin, 2000, p. 5). Ideas about citizenship have thus expanded from explorations of civil and social citizenship emphasizing the relation between nationality, political rights, and social welfare (Marshall and Bottomore, 1992; Turner, 1993) to examinations of how diff erentiated “citizenships” are produced and transformed across space and time (Brysk and Shafi r, 2004; Dietz, 1992; Isin and Turner, 2002; Yashar, 2005). For example, modernization theories predicting the disappearance of rural populations and the incorporation of labor into industrial development processes (Araghi, 1995; McMichael, 2008b; Otero, 1999; Wallerstein, 1974) have been supported by the rapid transformation of rural landscapes from subsistence to export economies. Associated changes in individual and community access to land have then infl uenced not only the organization of people, power, and resources, but also the social relations of identity and citizenship (Hallowell, 1943; Rose, 1994; Singer, 2000).
