What is happiness?

Plato is quite explicit that the aim of the arrangements of the Republic is to ensure 'the greatest happiness of the city as a whole'. ¹ Russell contemptuously dismisses the idea that the citizen of the Republic will be happy, with the remark that 'Man needs for his happiness not only the enjoyment of this or that, but hope and enterprise and change', none of which he sees in the Republic. ² It is not immediately obvious what he means by hope, enterprise and change, nor that they are absent from the Republic. But Russell does not think that Plato cares about the happiness of his citizens anyway: 'Whether people are happy in this community does not matter, we are told'. ³ Now in point of fact we are told the exact opposite of this, but Russell draws this conclusion from the Platonic dictum that 'excellence resides in the whole, not in the parts'.