ABSTRACT
As illustrated by Section II, policy initiatives by public and private bodies of different kinds have played a key role in shaping the changes taking place in cities. The main focus of Section II was on examining the policies that have been adopted by central government to influence the social, economic and physical development of cities. The principal focus of Section III is on examining the policies and strategies that have been pursued by cities themselves, focusing particularly on improving economic competitiveness and tackling social disadvantage and exclusion.
