ABSTRACT
Citizenship is a big issue, especially at a time of extensive movement of peoples across the world and of social changes within countries. Contemporary interest in citizenship arises from a number of different factors. Social changes which are the result of European integration, as well as migration, mobilities and the pressure of shifting populations on welfare, health and education systems have brought issues of citizenship to the fore. Migration is a major factor in population change. For example, projections recorded in Social Trends data for the UK predict that net migration will exceed net natural changes (births and deaths) so that by 2011 net migration will account for 70 per cent of population change in the UK (Social Trends, 2008). Changes to the welfare state, devolution and the social rights of nation states, the advances of technoscience, especially in relation to genetics and to reproductive technologies, addressed in Chapter 2, also challenge traditional ideas about who has citizenship status. Family structures and the nature of paid work and employment patterns have changed, and sexual politics and the campaigns of identity politics, such as the women’s movement and gay and lesbian rights, multicultural, ethnic minority, the disability and environmentalist movements have led to demands for recognition of the rights to citizenship of those previously excluded. All this calls for a broader understanding of citizenship, as illustrated by the requirement that UK schools teach the subject as part of the curriculum from 2002. Changing times have led to new political demands and the need for new theories of citizenship.
