Multilateral responses, counter-terrorism, and civil society: The United Nations and the European Union

The multilateral responses to international mandates in the wake of the attacks of September 2001, and the effects of those responses on civil society have occurred on multiple levels. We treat three levels briefly here – the implications of the United Nations counter-terrorism strategy for civil society, as well as the implications of both regional and national strategies and initiatives in Europe. In each case, the strength and consistency of implementation – and therefore the impact on nonprofit and charitable organizations – has been uneven.